Included with: 
Lab Equipment Required: 
Description: In this experiment, students will use a hand dynamometer to measure a subject’s grip strength as the EMG activity of the forearm muscles used to generate the subject’s grip are recorded. The EMG activity will be related to the grip strength by plotting the maximum grip strength as a function the area under the absolute integral of the EMG activity during the muscle contraction. Data recordings will be made from the subject’s dominant and non-dominant forearms, and the relative strength and electrical activity of each forearm will be compared to its circumference. Recordings of prolonged grip strength and forearm EMG activity will also be made to determine the rate of fatigue in the dominant and non-dominant forearms.
Goals
1. Students will successfully record electromyograms (EMGs). 2. Students will learn how to calibrate a dynamometer and convert pounds to kilograms. 3. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the electric current from the nerves and the response of the muscle or muscle group being innervated. 4. Students should be able to measure the EMG produced and corresponding muscle force. 5. Students will measure the force produced by the muscle in both the dominant and non-dominant forearms. 6. Students will also study and measure the effect of fatigue on the muscles in the dominant and non-dominant forearms. Comparison of the measurement will also be examined. 7. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record an EMG. 2. understand how nerves send electrical signals to muscles to cause a response. 3. be able to determine the relationship between nerve impulses and the resulting EMG recording. 4. have gained understanding of the reasons for different responses in the dominant and non-dominant forearm, and the correlation between fatigue and muscle strength. 5. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 6. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: 
Description: In this experiment, students will record EMG activity from muscles on the anterior and posterior sides of the forearm to determine which ones are responsible for flexion and extension of the hand. Recording of EMG activity from these muscles will also be done while a weight is lifted by the hand. In another exercise, students will record EMG activity from the anterior and posterior sides of the lower leg to determine which muscles are active during movements or positioning that are more complex, like leaning forward, standing on toes, or rocking on heels.
Goals
1. Students will successfully record electromyograms (EMGs) from antagonistic muscle groups in both the forearm and lower leg. 2. Students will learn how levers, fulcrums, and load affect the workings of antagonistic muscles. 3. Students will gain an understanding of the muscle groups involved in flexion, extension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. 4. Students will use weights to put load on muscles groups while examining changes in the EMG. 5. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the electric current from the nerves and the response of the muscle or muscle group being innervated. 6. Students should be able to measure the EMG produced and corresponding muscle force. 7. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record an EMG. 2. understand how nerves send electrical signals to muscles to cause a response. 3. be able to determine the relationship between antagonistic muscles during movement. 4. have gained understanding of the relationship between load and muscle activity. 5. have measured the EMG force difference between muscle groups without and without lifting a weight. 6. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 7. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: In this experiment, the subject will perform tasks that will generate electrical activity that will alter the standing voltage between the front and back of the eye that is correlated with horizontal eyeball movement. This movement will be obtained by electrodes placed on the skin near the eye. The record of this electrical activity is known as an electroculogram (EOG).
Goals
1. Students will successfully record electroculograms (EOGs) from the oculomotor muscle group of the eye. 2. Students will learn how the six oculomotor muscles control eye movement during saccades, pursuit, the vestibular ocular reflex (VOR), and vergence. 3. Students will perform tasks that will generate electrical activity in oculomotor muscles that are unique to each of four different types of eye movement (saccades, VOR, pursuit, and vergence). 4. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the electric current from the nerves and the response of the muscle or muscle group being innervated.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record an EOG. 2. understand how nerves send electrical signals to muscles to cause a response. 3. be able to determine the relationship between saccades and reading; pursuit and following a moving target; VOR and head rotation; and vergence and focusing near to far. 4. have measured the EOG amplitude to determine the motion of the subject’s eyes during various oculomotor activities. 5. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 6. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: In this experiment, students will use a specialized displacement transducer, the SMT-220 striated muscle transducer, to demonstrate the effect of increasing the stimulus strength on the strength of contraction of a muscle, the effect of increasing weight on twitch amplitude and work of a preloaded muscle, and the effect of increasing the frequency of stimulation on the contraction strength and muscle fatigue.
Goals
1. Students will learn how to apply a stimulus pulse to human muscle to elicit a muscular contraction. 2. Students will record finger twitches to be able to recognize contraction and relaxation times and twitch amplitudes. 3. Students will demonstrate the effect of increasing stimulus strength on the strength of a muscle contraction, the effect of • increasing weight on twitch amplitude and work of a preloaded muscle, • increasing the frequency of stimulation on the contraction strength and muscle fatigue. 4. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the electric current from the nerves and the response of the muscle or muscle group being innervated. 5. Students should be able to measure the EMG produced and corresponding muscle force. 6. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record a simple finger twitch. 2. understand how nerves send electrical signals to muscles to cause a response. 3. be able to determine the relationship between stimulus and muscle twitch amplitudes. 4. understand the concepts of muscle recruitment, fatigue, summation, and tetanus 5. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 6. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: In this experiment, students will use a single-axis goniometer to measure the flexibility and range of motion of the wrist, elbow, ankle, and knee of various subjects.
Goals
1. Students will successfully record electromyograms (EMGs) from antagonistic muscle groups in both the forearm and lower leg. 2. Students will learn how levers, fulcrums, and load affect the workings of antagonistic muscles. 3. Students will gain an understanding of the muscle groups involved in flexion, extension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. 4. Students will use a goniometer to measure angle of motion and flexibility of muscle groups. 5. Students will gain an understanding of how the range of motion determines the joint’s functionality. 6. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record an EMG. 2. understand how flexibility and range of motion are used by physical therapists and athletic trainers when looking at joint dysfunction.. 3. be able to determine the relationship between antagonistic muscles during movement and how that related to range of motion.. 4. understand how flexion and extension of joints with and without weights affects the range of motion of that joint. 5. gain an understanding of why different joints have different flexibilities and ranges of motion in certain directions. 6. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 7. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: In this experiment the Tibialis anterior and Gastrconemius muscles will be used. When stimulated, each muscle generates a compound muscle action potential, known as an M-wave which will be recorded like an electromyogram (EMG). Each M-wave generates a muscle contraction, which can causes flexion. The frequency of stimulation of the muscles will also be increased to demonstrate the effect of mechanical summation on the overall motion of the foot.
Goals
1. Students will learn how to apply a stimulus pulse to human muscle to elicit a muscular contraction. 2. Students will record finger twitches to be able to recognize contraction and relaxation times and twitch amplitudes. 3. Students will gain an understanding of the muscle groups involved in flexion, extension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. 4. Students will use a goniometer to measure angle of motion and flexibility of muscle groups. 5. Students will gain an understanding of how the range of motion determines the joint’s functionality. 6. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the electric current from the nerves and the response of the muscle or muscle group being innervated. 7. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record a simple muscle twitch. 2. understand how nerves send electrical signals to muscles to cause a response. 3. be able to determine the relationship between stimulus and muscle twitch amplitudes. 4. understand contraction and relaxation times of muscles. 5. understand how stimulus frequency compares to the ranges of motion for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot, and flexion and extension of both the wrist, elbow and knee. 6. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 7. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: In this experiment students will record EMG activity from muscles on the anterior and posterior sides of the forearm to determine which ones are responsible for flexion and extension of the hand. While the wrist joint is being used, range of motion (ROM) will also be recorded. Recording of EMG activity from these muscles and ROM of the joint will also be done while a weight is lifted by the hand. In another exercise, students will record EMG activity from the anterior and posterior sides of the lower leg to determine which muscles are active during movements or positioning that are more complex, like leaning forward, standing on toes, or rocking on heels. ROM of the ankle will also be examined during these parameters – looking at both plantar and dorsi- flexion.
Goals
1. Students will successfully record electromyograms (EMGs) from antagonistic muscle groups in both the forearm and lower leg. 2. Students will learn how levers, fulcrums, and load affect the workings of antagonistic muscles. 3. Students will gain an understanding of the muscle groups involved in flexion, extension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. 4. Students will use a goniometer to measure angle of motion and flexibility of muscle groups. 5. Students will gain an understanding of how the range of motion determines the joint’s functionality. 6. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record an EMG. 2. understand how flexibility and range of motion are used by physical therapists and athletic trainers when looking at joint dysfunction.. 3. be able to determine the relationship between antagonistic muscles during movement and how that related to range of motion.. 4. understand how flexion and extension of joints with and without weights affects the range of motion of that joint. 5. gain an understanding of why different joints have different flexibilities and ranges of motion in certain directions. 6. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 7. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: In this lab, students will use arm wrestling to observe and measure EMG activity while winning and losing at a wrestling match. Electrodes will be placed on the Biceps brachii (upper arm) and Pronator teres (forearm) muscles to observe muscle action as different forces are used to pin their opponent to the table.
Goals
1. Students will successfully record electromyograms (EMGs) from antagonistic muscle groups in the forearm, upper arm and shoulder. 2. Students will learn how levers, fulcrums, and load affect the workings of antagonistic muscles. 3. Students will gain an understanding of the muscle groups involved in flexion and extension while performing a specific task. 4. Students will put load on muscles groups while examining changes in the EMG. 5. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the muscle action and function using preselected muscles and then using muscles groups for studying their own hypotheses. 6. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the electric current from the nerves and the response of the muscle or muscle group being innervated. 7. Students should be able to measure the EMG produced and corresponding muscle force. 8. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record an EMG. 2. understand how nerves send electrical signals to muscles to cause a response. 3. be able to determine the relationship between antagonistic muscles during movement. 4. have gained understanding of the relationship between load and muscle activity. 5. have measured the EMG force difference between muscle groups while performing a specific task. 6. have designed optional experiments or muscle groups and test varied hypotheses. 7. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 8. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: This lab will allow the grouping of muscles, specifically those in the hip area, and target movements to exercise those individual muscles. Recording EMG activity while doing these exercises will give immediate feedback as to whether the muscle being targeted by a specific exercise is the one that is actually being used.
Goals
1. Students will successfully record electromyograms (EMGs) from muscle groups in leg. 2. Students will learn how levers, fulcrums, and load affect the workings of muscles. 3. Students will gain an understanding of the muscle groups involved in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, etc... 4. Students will use weights to put load on muscles groups while examining changes in the EMG. 5. Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between the electric current from the nerves and the response of the muscle or muscle group being innervated. 6. Students should be able to measure the EMG produced and corresponding muscle force. 7. Students will continue to be successful at using the LabScribe software to move cursors, analyze data, record data to the Journal, and add functions to the Analysis window.
Outcomes
Students who have successfully completed this exercise will: 1. understand and be able to record an EMG. 2. understand how nerves send electrical signals to muscles to cause a response. 3. be able to determine the relationship between different muscles during movement. 4. have gained understanding of the relationship between load and muscle activity. 5. have measured the EMG force difference between muscle groups without and without doing a specific activity. 6. feel comfortable transferring data to the Journal and interpreting that data to answer questions about their recordings. 7. have used the functions available in the Analysis window to determine values necessary for this exercise.
Included with:
Lab Equipment Required: Description: To record an EGG, electrodes are placed on the skin of the abdomen just below the stomach on the left side of the body. While the subject is lying down and relaxing, a recording is done of the electrical activity of the stomach and/or intestines. The gastric electrical activity is recorded after fasting for approximately 15 minutes, then again after a small meal is eaten for the same length of time.
